With the support of the Communist Party, the country's name was changed to the Republic of Belarus on 25 August 1991. [223] Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty election . [23][24], Lieutenant General Viktor Khrenin heads the Ministry of Defence,[176] and Alexander Lukashenko (as president) serves as Commander-in-Chief. [258] The government's Ministry of Culture finances events promoting Belarusian arts and culture both inside and outside the country. Employment is also high in agriculture, manufacturing sales, trading goods, and education. Beltelecom is the only operator licensed to provide commercial VoIP services in Belarus. Local government in Belarus is administered by administrative-territorial units (Belarusian: - ; Russian: - ), and occurs on two levels: basic and primary. The takeover was partially due to the lack of military coordination of the Balts, but their gradual assimilation into Slavic culture was peaceful in nature. Belarus is not in the European Union (EU). However, its 60th place ranking in the United Nations' Human Development Index places it in the category of states with; "very high" human development. According to some estimates, in countries such as present-day Ukraine, GDP is supposed to be only about 90 percent of what it had been before the transition. Belarus "fully agrees with and supports China's position and proposals on a political solution to the Ukraine crisis, which is of great significance to resolving the crisis," CCTV quoted . The ballet Nightingale by M. Kroshner was composed during the Soviet era and became the first Belarusian ballet showcased at the National Academic Vialiki Ballet Theatre in Minsk. [253] The Lipka Tatars, numbering over 15,000, are predominantly Muslims. [41] The region was first permanently settled by Baltic tribes in the 3rd century. Its net migration rate is +0.38 per 1,000, indicating that Belarus experiences slightly more immigration than emigration. A famed Black Panther who's also a communist has faced calls to pay reparations after discovering her ancestors were white puritans who arrived in the US on the Mayflower. [222] In 2005, GDP increased by 9.9%; the inflation rate averaged 9.5%. [139] The armed forces were formed in 1992 using parts of the former Soviet Armed Forces on the new republic's territory. . [184], Belarus's Democracy Index rating is the lowest in Europe, the country is labelled as "not free" by Freedom House,[185] as "repressed" in the Index of Economic Freedom, and in the Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders, Belarus is ranked 153th out of 180 countries for 2022. [217] The growth rate is much lower than for the economy as a wholeabout 2.2% in 2021. [241], According to the 2019 census the population was 9.41 million[242] with ethnic Belarusians constituting 84.9% of Belarus's total population. [158], The Byelorussian SSR was one of the two Soviet republics that joined the United Nations along with the Ukrainian SSR as one of the original 51 members in 1945. [256] Belarusian, although not as widely used as Russian, is the mother tongue of 53.2% of the population, whereas Russian is the mother tongue of only 41.5%.[255]. [65], The Belarusian People's Republic was the first attempt to create an independent Belarusian state under the name "Belarus". Belarus rarely receives much media attention in the West, but it has long been subjected to political interference from its neighbors, the USA, and the European Union. The Soviet Union by 1948 had installed communist-leaning governments in Eastern European countries that the USSR had liberated from Nazi control during the war. [153], After the December completion of the 2010 presidential election, Lukashenko was elected to a fourth straight term with nearly 80% of the vote in elections. [266] Rock music has become increasingly popular in recent years, though the Belarusian government has attempted to limit the amount of foreign music aired on the radio in favor of traditional Belarusian music. The victims were hospitalized with intramuscular bleeding of the rectum, anal fissure and bleeding, and damage to the mucous membrane of the rectum. [120] Norway and Japan have joined the sanctions regime which aims to isolate Belarus from the international supply chain. However, the future of the union has been placed in doubt because of Belarus's repeated delays of monetary union, the lack of a referendum date for the draft constitution, and a dispute over the petroleum trade. Bieder, H. (2000): Konfession, Ethnie und Sprache in Weiruland im 20. [197] In July 2021, Belarusian authorities launched a hybrid warfare by human trafficking of migrants to the European Union. It's just that, IMO, the data from the whole post-communist region show that the countries that adopted shock therapy fully actually ended [272], Belarusian cuisine consists mainly of vegetables, meat (particularly pork), and bread. Published 1994, amended in 1996", "SectionV: Local government and self-government", "STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS FOR LOCAL GOVERNANCE PROGRAMME", " ", " - ", " 434 20.10.1995. The present borders of Belarus were established during the turmoil of the World War Two. [198] Lithuanian authorities and top European officials Ursula von der Leyen, Josep Borrell condemned the usage of migrants as a weapon and suggested that Belarus could be subject to further sanctions. [189] Belarus is the only European country still using capital punishment having carried out executions in 2011. [112][113][114][115] The European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States have all imposed sanctions against Belarus because of the rigged election and political oppression during the ongoing protests in the country. [121] It is landlocked, relatively flat, and contains large tracts of marshy land. Typically, Belarusians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals later in the day. During Soviet times, present day Belarus had a communist political system that was constitutionally defined as a Marxist-Leninist single party socialist republic guided in part by the political ideas of Karl Marx, one of the fathers of historical materialism, as well as by Friedrich Engels and Vladimir Lenin. In culture and social life, both the Polish language and Catholicism became dominant, and in 1696, Polish replaced Ruthenian as the official language, with Ruthenian being banned from administrative use. It was the last Soviet republic where the communist economic system worked and it was also the most militarized. Belarus has so far won five medals (two silvers and three bronzes) at the 2nd edition of the Children of Asia Games. Overall, 48.3% of the population is Orthodox Christian, 41.1% is not religious, 7.1% is Roman Catholic and 3.3% follows other religions. Its population is also aging; the median age of 3034 is estimated to rise to between 60 and 64 in 2050. [137], The House of Representatives has the power to appoint the prime minister, make constitutional amendments, call for a vote of confidence on the prime minister, and make suggestions on foreign and domestic policy. The first one was the 2004 RussiaBelarus energy dispute when Russian energy giant Gazprom ceased the import of gas into Belarus because of price disagreements. He garnered 45% of the vote in the first round and 80%[89] in the second, defeating Vyacheslav Kebich who received 14% of the vote. [266] The National Academic Theatre of Ballet in Minsk was awarded the Benois de la Dance Prize in 1996 as the top ballet company in the world. Ukrainian lands used them until 1860s. ", "No Job? [135] Alexander Lukashenko has been the president of Belarus since 1994. [155][156] Six months later amid an unprecedented economic crisis, activists utilized social networking to initiate a fresh round of protests characterized by wordless hand-clapping. Vietnam. [160], The union of Russia and Belarus, a supranational confederation, was established in a 199699 series of treaties that called for monetary union, equal rights, single citizenship, and a common foreign and defense policy. The. Occupied by Nazi Germany, Belarus was retaken by Stalin's Russia in 1944 and remained under Soviet control until declaring its sovereignty on July 27, 1990 and independence from the Soviet Union on August 25, 1991. [230] Belarus applied to become a member of the World Trade Organization in 1993. Belarus is dependent on Russia for imports of raw materials and for its export market. The former Soviet republic was occupied by the Nazis between 1941 and 1944, when it lost 2.2 million. The unemployment rate has been in decline since 2003, and the overall rate of employment is the highest since statistics were first compiled in 1995. [38][39] The etymology of the word Gudija is not clear. [186] The Belarusian government is also criticized for human rights violations and its persecution of non-governmental organisations, independent journalists, national minorities, and opposition politicians. The other countries on the list are Eritrea, Cuba, Uzbekistan, Syria, and Belarus. The directives, part of a 3,500 . Washington, Mar 4 (PTI): Communist China is the strongest and the most disciplined enemy that the United States has ever faced, Republican presidential aspirant Nikki Haley said on Friday as she slammed the ruling Democratic Party as a 'socialist' part. [144][145][146][147] The Council of Europe removed Belarus from its observer status since 1997 as a response for election irregularities in the November 1996 constitutional referendum and parliament by-elections. [130][131], Belarus borders five countries: Latvia to the north, Lithuania to the northwest, Poland to the west, Russia to the north and the east, and Ukraine to the south. [140] The members of this council need not be members of the legislature and are appointed by the president. Vigorous postwar reconstruction promptly followed the end of the war and the Byelorussian SSR became a major center of manufacturing in the western USSR, creating jobs and attracting ethnic Russians. Users of this site are cautioned that new general licenses may be enacted, revoked or amended at any time; accordingly, the list and attachments made . It is bordered by Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia. Numerous Belarusian players are present in the Kontinental Hockey League in Eurasia, particularly for Belarusian club HC Dinamo Minsk, and several have also played in the National Hockey League in North America. The National Bank of Belarus abandoned pegging the Belarusian ruble to the Russian rouble in August 2007. Until it became independent in 1991, Belarus, formerly known as Belorussia or White Russia, was the smallest of the three Slavic republics included in the Soviet Union (the larger two being Russia and Ukraine). [48] During this time, the duchy was involved in several military campaigns, including fighting on the side of Poland against the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410; the joint victory allowed the duchy to control the northwestern borderlands of Eastern Europe. [139], The government includes a Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister and five deputy prime ministers. In all three countries, the share of the population that identifies with Orthodox Christianity is up significantly since the collapse of the Soviet Union. The title, "Socialism Is the Best Prophylaxis," comes from a statement made by Dr. Maxim Zetkin (1883-1965), the son of the communist and international women's rights activist Clara Zetkin . It also blasted Belarus for being subservient to China. MINSK, March 1. [238] This redenomination can be considered an effort to fight the high inflation rate. Belarus is a presidential republic. [265][bettersourceneeded], After the Second World War, music focused on the hardships of the Belarusian people or on those who took up arms in defense of the homeland. After the World War, most literature focussed on war-related topics. [51] This union set in motion the developments that eventually resulted in the formation of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, created in 1569 by the Union of Lublin. [80], The German occupation in 19411944 and war on the Eastern Front devastated Belarus. [264], Music in Belarus largely comprises a rich tradition of folk and religious music. At the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Belarus was one of the world's most industrially developed states by percentage of GDP as well as the richest CIS member-state. China and Belarus called for a cease-fire and negotiations to end the war between Russia and Ukraine as leaders of the two countries meet in Beijing to improve their relations. so the map above is more of a modern representation of the countries that formerly made up East Europe. The games will feature 57 medal events in ten sports. [159] Belarus and Russia have been close trading partners and diplomatic allies since the breakup of the Soviet Union. In 2015, 39.3% of Belarusians were employed by state-controlled companies, 57.2% were employed by private companies (in which the government has a 21.1% stake) and 3.5% were employed by foreign companies. Around 1840 the Statutes were banned by the Russian tsar following the November Uprising. Kazulin was detained and beaten by police during protests surrounding the All Belarusian People's Assembly. [235] On 1 June 2011, Belarus requested an economic rescue package from the International Monetary Fund. [175] However, Belarus suspended its participation in the Eastern Partnership program on 28 June 2021, after the EU imposed more sanctions against the country. Incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania resulted in an economic, political and ethno-cultural unification of Belarusian lands. We do not recognize him but we must deal with him", U.S. no longer recognizes Lukashenko as legitimate president of Belarus, "Belarus election: UK refuses to recognise result and demands international investigation into 'grisly repression' of protests", "Canada denounces Lukashenko's inauguration in Belarus, preparing sanctions over human rights violations", "U.S., EU Sanction Belarus in Coordinated Western Action", "Britain and Canada impose sanctions on Belarus leader Lukashenko", "Ukraine conflict: UK sanctions Belarus for role in Russian invasion", "EU bans 70% of Belarus exports to bloc with new sanctions over Ukraine invasion", "Could Russia's Reliance on Belarus be its Soft Underbelly? [142], Lukashenko has been frequently described as the "last dictator" in Europe in media. [122] The average elevation of Belarus is 160m (525ft) above sea level. [73][74] In 1935, after the death of Pisudski, a new wave of repressions was released upon the minorities, with many Orthodox churches and Belarusian schools being closed. . . . [17][82][83] The population of Belarus did not regain its pre-war level until 1971. [179] In 2005, about 1.4% of Belarus's gross domestic product was devoted to military expenditure. Several state holidays, such as Independence Day and Victory Day, draw big crowds and often include displays such as fireworks and military parades, especially in Vitebsk and Minsk. The Belarusian leader pointed out that NATO was quickly building up forces on the border with Belarus in Poland and in the Baltic countries Read more Moscow-Kiev talks to begin at 12:00 Moscow . Belarus offers a distinct case of post-communist development, remaining Eastern Europe's most authoritarian state to this day. The Soviets invaded and annexed much of eastern Poland, which had been part of the country since the Peace of Riga two decades earlier. . The bloc is a political and economic union, consisting of 27 member states. The Belarusian government sponsors annual cultural festivals such as the Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk,[257] which showcases Belarusian performers, artists, writers, musicians, and actors. [82] This policy involved sending Russians from various parts of the Soviet Union and placing them in key positions in the Byelorussian SSR government. The Statutes were initially issued in the Ruthenian language alone and later also in Polish. Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. [222] In 1994, Belarus's main exports included heavy machinery (especially tractors), agricultural products, and energy products. Having fought on the losing side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Belarus, country of eastern Europe. The Belarusian Constitution forbids the use of special extrajudicial courts. . The 2021 UEC European Track Championships in cycling was also cancelled because Belarus was not considered a safe host. has ruled the ex-Soviet country with an iron fist . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events. When opposition protesters took to the streets in Minsk, many people, including some presidential candidates, were beaten and arrested by the riot police. Belarus was part of the Soviet Union and became an independent country in 1991, after the USSR collapsed. The Statutes allowed the right to own land only to noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Romanian Patronal System of Public Corruption (pp. The third Article of the Statutes established that all lands of the duchy will be eternally within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and never enter as a part of other states. [275] She also won the gold medal in mixed doubles at the 2012 Summer Olympics with Max Mirnyi, who holds ten Grand Slam titles in doubles. In the 9th century the territory of modern Belarus became part of Kievan Rus', a vast East Slavic state ruled by the Rurikid dynasty. A well-known journalist in Belarus and a long-time correspondent for Poland's Gazeta Wyborcza newspaper, 49-year-old Poczobut was also an activist for the Union of Poles in Belarus (ZPB), a Polish minority organisation that has been delegalised by the Belarusian authorities. [199] In August 2021, Belarusian officials, wearing uniforms, riot shields and helmets, were recorded on camera near the BelarusLithuania border pushing and urging the migrants to cross the European Union border. [242] [192], On 1 September 2020, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights declared that its experts received reports of 450 documented cases of torture and ill-treatment of people who were arrested during the protests following the presidential election. In 2007, Belarus's population declined by 0.41% and its fertility rate was 1.22,[246] well below the replacement rate. Receiving heavy sponsorship from the government, ice hockey is the nation's second most popular sport after football. The judiciary comprises the Supreme Court and specialized courts such as the Constitutional Court, which deals with specific issues related to constitutional and business law. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) and with a population of 9.2 million, Belarus is the 13th-largest and the 20th-most populous country in Europe. Prezydent Biaorusi chce zakaza kochonikom odchodzi z pracy", "In chase of upgrade: serfdom for woodworkers? [67] After a variety of delays, a disputed election took place on 8 January 1922, and the territory was annexed to Poland. [60], In a Russification drive in the 1840s, Nicholas I prohibited use of the Belarusian language in public schools, campaigned against Belarusian publications and tried to pressure those who had converted to Catholicism under the Poles to reconvert to the Orthodox faith. [154] Many of the candidates, including Sannikov, were sentenced to prison or house arrest for terms which are mainly and typically over four years. After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. "We wish you success . [234], On 23 May 2011, the ruble depreciated 56% against the United States dollar. [261] The modern era of Belarusian literature began in the late 19th century; one prominent writer was Yanka Kupala. [82], After the war, Belarus was among the 51 founding member states of the United Nations Charter and as such it was allowed an additional vote at the UN, on top of the Soviet Union's vote. Other aspects of life were explored by the Belarusian poets and novelists post the 1960s. The Communist Party of China is the founding and sole governing political party of the People's Republic of China. [246], According to the census of November 2011, 58.9% of all Belarusians adhered to some kind of religion; out of those, Eastern Orthodoxy made up about 82%: Eastern Orthodox in Belarus are mainly part of the Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, though a small Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church also exists. After the failed revolt, the Russian government reintroduced the use of Cyrillic to Belarusian in 1864 and no documents in Belarusian were permitted by the Russian government until 1905. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or stewed. After the war, it was estimated that 2.2 million local inhabitants had died and of those some 810,000 were combatantssome foreign. [260], By the 16th century, Polotsk resident Francysk Skaryna translated the Bible into Belarusian. Under the 1994 constitution, the president could serve for only two terms as president, but a change in the constitution in 2004 eliminated term limits. Since his election as president in 1994, Alexander Lukashenko has consolidated his rule over all institutions and undermined the rule of law through . [252], Belarus was once a major center of European Jews, with 10% of the population being Jewish. [107][108][109][110][111] Neither is Lukashenko recognized as the legitimate president of Belarus by the European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom nor the United States. As of 2015[update], 69.9% of Belarus's population is aged 14 to 64; 15.5% is under 14, and 14.6% is 65 or older. [47] Of the principalities held by the duchy, nine of them were settled by a population that would eventually become the Belarusians. info)). MOSCOW Not so long ago, the image of Belarus was of a peaceful, if tightly controlled, former Soviet republic, squeezed between Poland and Russia. [citation needed] The borders of the Byelorussian SSR and Poland were redrawn, in accord with the 1919-proposed Curzon Line. [227] In 2006, GDP amounted to US$83.1 billion in purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars (estimate), or about $8,100 per capita. [126], The highest point is Dzyarzhynskaya Hara (Dzyarzhynsk Hill) at 345 metres (1,132ft), and the lowest point is on the Neman River at 90m (295ft). Upon the death of Kievan Rus' ruler Yaroslav I the Wise in 1054, the state split into independent principalities. Dallas, TX: SIL International. [42] Invaders from Asia, among whom were the Huns and Avars, swept through c. 400600 AD, but were unable to dislodge the Slavic presence.[43]. [195], On 23 May 2021, Belarusian authorities forcibly diverted a Ryanair flight from Athens to Vilnius in order to detain opposition activist and journalist Roman Protasevich along with his girlfriend; in response, the European Union imposed stricter sanctions on Belarus. Belarus, by constitution, is a presidential republic with separation of powers, governed by a president and the National Assembly. The welcoming ceremony also included the anthems of the two countries and the honor guard march. 1919 - The Russian Red Army conquers Belarus, and establishes communist rule. Belarus has competed in the Olympic Games since the 1994 Winter Olympics as an independent nation. [218] However, it was short-lived as the communist rule and later the Nazi occupation of Belarus would suppress the freethinking writers of Belarus and force many into leave the country.
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