If the student bounces an airplane on landing, teach the student to make an immediate go around. Additional information can be obtained from veteran flight instructors. Through doing, students learn to follow correct procedures and to reach established standards. Make power-off, stall-warning blaring, on centerline touchdowns in the first third of runway, Flight instructors have the responsibility of producing the safest pilots possible. Tension and apprehension apparently contribute to airsickness and should be avoided, Fatigue is one of the most treacherous hazards to flight safety as it may not be apparent to a pilot until serious errors are made. It states that: "No flight crew member may perform any duties during a critical phase of flight not required for . CFIs should keep in mind that being fit to fly depends on more than just a pilots physical condition and recency of experience. cockpit rule. [Figure 8-5], First, the flight instructor gives a carefully planned demonstration of the procedure or maneuver with accompanying verbal explanation. connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier For a student, this may take the form of a desire to make an early solo flight, or to set out on cross-country flights before the basic elements of flight have been learned, The impatient student fails to understand the need for preliminary training and seeks only the ultimate objective without considering the means necessary to reach it. The preflight briefing should include procedures for the exchange of flight controls. Look at how extraneous chatter with air traffic controllers introduced Seccin instructora. indicated that the pilot was having a conversation with a passenger who Nothing destroys a students interest as quickly as a poorly organized period of instruction. This helps the student develop good off-field landings techniques. Students who have been required to perform all normal flight maneuvers by reference to instruments, as well as by outside references, develop from the start the habit of continuously monitoring their own and the aircrafts performance. A flight instructor who makes a practical test recommendation for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating should require the applicant to demonstrate thoroughly the knowledge and skill level required for that certificate or rating. While these pressures may exist in the workplace, students may also experience the same type of stress regarding their flight training schedule. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by Flying for long periods in hot summer temperatures or at high altitudes increases susceptibility to dehydration since dry air at high altitudes tends to increase the rate of water loss from the body. The Sterile Cockpit: An Effective Approach to Reducing - ResearchGate reports: The connotation "extraneous While progress is continually being made in the advancement of pilot training methods, aircraft equipment and systems, and services for pilots, accidents still occur. The rate at which the aircraft rolls depends on how much aileron deflection is used. Passengers are told to shut up and any conversation or activity not related to the takeoff or landing is not permitted while the aircraft is taking off, landing or involved in any "critical phase" of flight. According to NTSB accident data, inflight encounters with weather (attempting VFR flight into IMC) is one of the most lethal types of GA flying, Integrated flight instruction begins with the first briefing on the function of the flight controls. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. The first effect of high workload is that the pilot begins to work faster. The Board's Role in Student Discipline Aircraft speed and control take precedence over all other actions during landings and takeoffs, Stress landing in the first third of the runway to ensure there is stopping distance for the aircraft. Is there some stress in another aspect of the students life that may be causing a distraction? Critical phase distractions in anaesthesia and the sterile cockpit concept A sterile cockpit has nothing to do with the cleanliness of the physical environment. For example, in the event of an engine fire, the pilot initiates an emergency descent. Here is a There are many types of assessment, but the flight instructor generally uses the review, collaborative assessment (LCG), written tests, and performance-based tests to ascertain knowledge or practical skill levels. When pointing out areas that need improvement, offer concrete suggestions that help. With the increased use of two-crew member cockpits this consideration is increasingly Mental habits begin to form with repetition of the instructions previously received. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by After weighing each information source, she concludes that the headwind has increased. A look at two of these (b) No flight crewmember may engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crewmember from the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way with the proper conduct of those duties. procedures for this, such as a "10,000 foot PA announcement," or a It is important to think ahead and determine how the decision could affect other phases of the flight. Without resolution, human performance continues to fall off, and judgment becomes impaired so that unwarranted risks may be taken. as "movement of an airplane under its own power on the surface of They naturally accept the fact that the manipulation of the flight controls is identical, regardless of which references are used to determine the attitude of the aircraft. He also finds charts and a lesson plan he can use. How far the aircraft rolls (steepness of the bank) depends on how long the ailerons are deflected, since the aircraft continues to roll as long as the ailerons are deflected. However, in an emergency situation when action needs be taken quickly, time may not be available to contact ATC immediately. surprised when they lined up with the wrong runway -- and doubly surprised when The instructor should be satisfied that the student is well prepared and understands the task before starting. related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. The ability to make effective decisions during flight can be impaired by stress. When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. They are much less apt to become airsick while operating the controls themselves. to notify maintenance about a minor cabin discrepancy. be most effective, crews need to talk -- even if it is just merely "get Despite all the changes in technology to improve flight safety, one factor remains the samethe human factor. shows, the consequences of non-compliance can be very serious. Instructors can teach this skill by prompting their students to prepare for a high workload. It's unrealistic to expect a crew while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight reasons of great urgency. An implicit prerequisite to the evidence-based transfer of such a concept to the clinical domain, however, is definition of periods of high mental workload analogous to takeoff and landing. It's no secret. Traffic pattern congestion, change in active runway, or unexpected crosswinds are challenges the student masters individually before being able to perform them collectively, SBT lends itself well to visualization techniques. Some POHs call for mixture to be enriched during an emergency descent, but what if the powerplant is engulfed in flames? Air traffic controllers, take notice: Distractions caused by flight attendants This frequently limits the students perceptive ability and retards the development of insights. The four-engine Dash 7 was However, even when such authority is delegated, the student must be provided an . This demonstration should in no instance be less than the complete procedure prescribed in the applicable PTS, When the instructor endorses the applicant for the practical test, his or her signature on the FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, is valid for 60 days. The following are examples of distractions that can be used for this training: Drop a pencil. Examples of all common endorsements can be found in the current issue of AC 61-65, Appendix 1. During the postflight evaluation, collaborative assessment is used to evaluate whether certain learning criteria were met during the SBT, Collaborative assessment includes learner self-assessment and a detailed assessment by the aviation instructor. Certain obstacles are common to flight instruction and may apply directly to the students attitude, physical condition, and psychological make-up. Safety permitting, it is frequently better to let students progress part of the way into the mistake and find a way out. Psychological problems such as financial, home life, or job-related stresses cause a lack of qualified rest that is only solved by mitigating the underlying problems before the fatigue is solved. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances, the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, Most physical skills lend themselves to a sequential pattern where the skill is explained in the same step-by-step order normally used to perform it. This training method has been in use for a long time and is very effective in teaching kinesthetic skills so flight instructors find it valuable in teaching procedures and maneuvers. Flight instructors should not exceed their own ability to perceive a problem, decide upon a course of action, and physically react within their ability to fly the aircraft, Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) section 121.542 requires flight crewmembers to refrain from nonessential activities during critical phases of flight. In 1981 (c) For the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. To determine the severity of the problem, she calculates a new groundspeed and reassesses fuel requirements, After the problem has been identified, the pilot evaluates the need to react to it and determines the actions that may be taken to resolve the situation in the time available. This appendix also includes references to 14 CFR Part 61, Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors, for more details concerning the requirements that must be met to qualify for each respective endorsement. that problems arose when non-pertinent company radio calls and PA announcements Establishing the following procedure during initial training will ensure the formation of a habit pattern that should stay with students throughout their flying careers, During flight training, there must always be a clear understanding between students and flight instructors about who has control of the aircraft. Safety Foundation's August 1992 Flight Safety Digest Learning to manage time more effectively can help pilots avoid heavy pressures imposed by getting behind schedule and not meeting deadlines. If students are exposed to ATC as much as possible during training, they feel confident asking controllers to clarify instructions and are better equipped to use ATC as a resource for assistance in unusual circumstances or emergencies, Throughout training, students can be asked to identify internal and external resources, which can be used in a variety of flight situations. The following is an example of the type of scenario that can be presented to illustrate the poor judgment chain, A private pilot with 100 hours of flight time made a precautionary landing on a narrow dirt runway at a private airport. loop. students must understand that priorities change as the situation changes. This is admittedly difficult, but must be accomplished if learning is to proceed at a normal rate, Worries and emotional upsets that result from a flight training course can be identified and addressed. boundary may be too low. Significant emotional upsets may be due to personal problems, psychiatric disturbances, or a dislike of the training program or the instructor, The experiences of students outside their training activities affect behavior and performance in training; the two cannot be separated. This is especially true during a students first attempt at a particular maneuver. The demonstration-performance method is divided into four phases: explanation, demonstration, student performance with instructor supervision, and evaluation. With potentially hazardous or difficult maneuvers, the instructor should be alert and ready to take control at any time. The possible consequences, both to themselves and to others, of experiments with flight operations in weather conditions below visual flight rules (VFR) minimums before they are instrument rated should be constantly impressed on the students. This begins with recognizing that a change has occurred or that an expected change did not occur. The habits formed at this time also give him or her a firm foundation for later training for an instrument rating, As students become more proficient in monitoring and correcting their own flight technique by reference to flight instruments, the performance obtained from an aircraft increases noticeably. Once an emergency is declared, air traffic control (ATC) gives the pilot priority handling. Penal Code 9.31 discusses the use of non-deadly force and 9.32 discusses the use of deadly force. a pretty good idea when it is first considered. altitude is less than 10,000 feet, crews make a specific DME mileage their beginning While being vectored in a busy terminal Every flight instructor can agree that everyone wants to be safe, but what does "safety" really mean? Since useful tools and sources of information may not always be readily apparent, learning to recognize these resources is an essential part of ADM training. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by The explanation phase also should include coverage of appropriate safety procedures. With the advent of advanced avionics with glass displays, GPS, and autopilot, flying might seem inherently easier and safer, but in reality it has become more complex. How Sterile Cockpits Can Save Your Life - EMS Flight Safety Network When the pilot becomes task saturated, there is no awareness of inputs from various sources; decisions may be made on incomplete information, and the possibility of error increases. Thirty-six fatalities. June 16, 2022 | In whole foods reheating instructions 2020 Sterile cockpit procedures General Aviation News The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, The demonstration-performance method can be applied to the telling-and-doing technique of flight instruction in three steps. it clearly defines when it is time to set aside non-essential activities and The weather at the time of the incident was reported as marginal VFR due to rain showers and thunderstorms. In an emergency situation, the first priority is to fly the aircraft and maintain a safe airspeed, Another important part of managing workload is recognizing a work overload situation. Then, the instructor adds unforeseen circumstances such as a sudden change in weather that brings excessive winds during final approach. By discussing the events that led to this incident, instructors can help students understand how a series of judgmental errors contributed to the final outcome of this flight: Weather decisionon the morning of the flight, the pilot was running late and, having acquired a computer printout of the forecast the night before, he did not obtain a briefing from flight service before his departure, Flight planning decision/performance chartthe pilot calculated total fuel requirements for the trip based on a rule-of-thumb figure he had used previously for another airplane. The overall focus of flight training should be on education, learning, and understanding why the standards are there and how they were set. The FAA has established a policy for use of certain distractions on practical tests for pilot certification. crew briefing, emphasize the importance of the sterile cockpit rule and request Chronic fatigues underlying cause is generally not "rest-related" and may have deeper points of origin. It is estimated that approximately 80 percent of all aviation accidents are human factors related, By taking a system approach to aviation safety, flight instructors interweave aeronautical knowledge, aircraft control skills, ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM into the training process, Historically, the term "pilot error" has been used to describe the causes of these accidents. In addition, avoiding stressful situations and encounters can help pilots cope with stress, To make informed decisions during flight operations, students must be made aware of the resources found both inside and outside the flight deck. Do not talk to the student on short final of the landing approach, During a post-solo debriefing, the flight instructor discusses what took place during the students solo flight. The expected outcome of each possible action should be considered and the risks assessed before the pilot decides on a response to the situation, Brenda determines the fuel burn if she continues to her destination and considers other options: turning around and landing at a nearby airport, diverting off course, or landing prior to her destination at an airport en route. Consequently, important things were missed. If fuel quantity is lower than expected on a cross-country flight, the priority can shift from making a scheduled arrival time at the destination, to locating a nearby airport to refuel. [Figure 8-3], Poor instructional presentations may result not only from poor preparation, but also from distracting mannerisms, personal untidiness, or the appearance of irritation with the student. The sterile cockpit rule was designed Preoccupation inside or outside the flight deck while changing aircraft configuration or trim, maneuvering to avoid other traffic, or clearing hazardous obstacles during takeoff and climb could create a potential stall/spin situation. To prevent these symptoms, it is recommended that an ample supply of water be carried and used at frequent intervals on any long flight, whether the pilot is thirsty or not. not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the If students believe the instructor assumes all responsibility for scanning and collision avoidance procedures, they do not develop the habit of maintaining a constant vigilance, which is essential to safety. The instructor cannot be responsible for these outside diversions, but cannot ignore them because they have a critical effect on the learning process. Federwisch M, Ramos H, Adams S' C. Am J Nurs. to maintain a sterile cockpit environment is before beginning a trip. Checklists should be performed well in advance so there is time to focus on traffic and ATC instructions. themselves and their operating instruments before the operation. From a broader perspective, the phrase "human factors related" more aptly describes these accidents since it is usually not a single decision that leads to an accident, but a chain of events triggered by a number of factors, The poor judgment chain, or the error chain, describes this concept of contributing factors in a human factors related accident. The ability to ride on an air carrier's Duties such as company required calls made for such non safety related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier or pointing out sights of interest, and filling out company payroll and related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. they noticed they were in an unplanned formation with a jet landing on the same (c) For the purposes of this The sterile cockpit: an effective approach to reducing medication What is a 'sterile cockpit'. specifically prohibit crew member performance of non-essential duties or activities If the flight instructor has trained and prepared the applicant competently, the applicant should have no problem passing the practical test, A flight instructor who fails to ensure a student meets the requirements of regulations prior to endorsing solo flight or additional rating exhibits a serious deficiency in performance. Things like setting the flaps prior to takeoff, or extending the landing gear Since this is a learning phase rather than an evaluation phase of the training, errors or unsafe practices should be identified and corrected in a positive and timely way. A pilot in command (PIC) must know when to tell any passengers, even a DPE, when the PIC finds actions in the aircraft that distract and interfere with the safe conduct of the flight, Integrated flight instruction is flight instruction during which students are taught to perform flight maneuvers both by outside visual references and by reference to flight instruments. when climbing above 10,000 feet. When the decision-making process is presented to students, it is essential to discuss how the process applies to an actual flight situation. After a series In the USA, theFederal Aviation Administration (FAA)introduced a formal requirement to be applied to all commercial flights in 1981, after reviewing a series of accidents that were caused by flight crews who were distracted from their flying duties, by engaging in non-essential conversations and activities, during critical parts of the flight. Disinterest grows rapidly when unnecessary repetition and drill are requested on operations that have already been adequately learned, Worry or lack of interest has a detrimental effect on learning. But a valuable critical phase of flight which could distract any flight crew member from about five nautical miles from the airport. On a cross-country flight, you become disoriented. Your fellow crew members and passengers are hoping that you will. This is by far the most important flight instructor responsibility. Regardless of how well a skill is taught, there may still be performance deficiencies. Traditionally, flight instructors explained errors in performance, pointed out elements in which the deficiencies were believed to have originated and, if possible, suggested appropriate corrective measures. If a recovery is necessary, there is absolutely nothing to be gained by having the student on the controls and having to fight for control of the aircraft. An instructional flight should be terminated as soon as incipient sickness is experienced. Postflight critiques should be in a written format, such as notes to aid the flight instructor in covering all areas that were noticed during the flight or lesson. Breaking one link in the chain is all that is usually necessary to change the outcome of the sequence of events. students should be able to identify their own skills and knowledge, aeronautical charts, ATC, flight service, and navigation equipment as some of the resources that can be used in this situation, Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks to avoid work overload. 14 CFR Section 91.3, Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command, states that "In an inflight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency", Flight instructors should incorporate ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM throughout the entire training course for all levels of students. On the other hand, how does that jibe with the rule? She now considers the expected outcome of each possible action and assesses the risks involved. [Figure 8-8], In order for a student to self-examine behaviors during flight, he or she must be taught the potential risks caused from hazardous attitudes and, more importantly, the antidote for each. For example, during a go-around, adding power, gaining airspeed, and properly configuring the aircraft are priorities. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. It is not necessarily a function of physical robustness or mental acuity. This may be done by frequent review of new periodicals and technical publications, personal contacts with FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPE), and by participation in pilot and flight instructor clinics. Discouragement and emotional upsets are rare when students feel that nothing is being withheld from them or is being neglected in their training, Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue will materially slow the rate of learning during both classroom instruction and flight training. The instructor realized too late that the gear was still up. [Figure 8-4], The flight instructor needs to be well prepared and highly organized if complex maneuvers and procedures are to be taught effectively. (Accident/Incident Briefs). For example, failure of a landing-gear-extended light to illuminate could indicate that the gear is not down and locked into place or it could mean the bulb is burned out.
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